Spain Bell Beaker and Basques

Probably my last word on these papers, at least for a time.  I think we're running out of permutations of permissible and plausible interpretations of them.

Anyway, this graphic apparently accompanied one of the papers.  I wish it were higher resolution, but it's still pretty nice.

It makes a few things clear:

• The Mesolithic hunter-gatherers who were there first contribute very little DNA to the modern Spaniards, although a Middle Neolithic pulse of additional HG ancestry can be traced.  Throughout the Neolithic and early Copper Age, EEF ancestry predominated.
• A major pulse of "steppe ancestry" associated with the Bell Beakers enters the genome in the early Bronze Age, and goes on to become much of the genome for most of Spain from that point on.
• The Basque region is mostly steppe ancestry, even though the language is almost certainly not of steppe origin.  It also had no additional gene flow since the Iron Age and today still resembles Iron Age Iberia genetically.
• The rest of the region, particularly Southern Iberia, also experienced significant but not tremendously so Italian and North African admixture in three pulses, the Italian one associated with the Roman occupation and the period that it was Hispania, a Roman province, one North African one also associated with this period, and one associated with the Moorish conquest.  I don't know for sure what they mean by "Roman Period" but presumably during the "Roman Period" they also refer to the Punic Wars, where Carthage had strong alliances with southern Iberia.  Also keep in mind that much of North Africa was one or another Roman province following the Punic Wars.
• On the other hand, significant Alan, Vandal, Visigothic, or other genetic flow that we know about from history is impossible to spot.  It's certainly possible to conquer a territory for a time and add nothing significant to the genetics of the population afterwards.
• All in all, the Roman admixture, the North African admixture, and the Mesolithic HG genetics are dwarfed by the EEF and steppe genetic contributions.